Nursing Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing Decision Making - Essay Example The headway of innovation has energized different practices even in the nursing calling that has thus caused an unrest in the manner that medical attendants decide. Nursing grasps innovation particularly since there has been huge redo as an outcome of its consolidation in the nursing calling (Hardy, Garbett, Titchen, Manley, 2002, p.200). There are conditions where attendants need to settle on calm and most doable choices with regards to patients enduring intense conditions. These patients must be concurred exact consideration so as to guarantee their agreeable recuperation in wellbeing foundations. Numerous patients have confronted circumstances where they don't recoup out of their diseases since attendants don't have sufficient thinking aptitudes (Del Bueno, 2005, p.202). This is an aftereffect of medical attendants not causing right appraisal of the patients they to have in their focuses, where they should assess the most sick patients and offer them the assistance they need. This papers indicates to assess the significance of basic intuition for medical attendants in their arrangement of human services to patients. The circumstance in wellbeing offices is that ‘at risk’ patients are fitted with a gadget that sees complex deadly circumstances, for example, heart failures and cautions the wellbeing organization so as to offer them fast reaction (Ebright, Urden, Patterson, Chalko, 2003, p.635). Regularly however, the medical attendants in everywhere throughout the world don't have the correct arranging aptitudes when offering organization of medicinal services to patients. While the level of multifaceted nature in infections is expanding inconclusively, nursing calling has received the data and innovation strengthening to offer their patients the best sort of social insurance. Be that as it may, this has not been absolutely complete in offering social insurance and it requires extra undertakings to mentor medical attendants. The calling the board thought that it was fit to supplement medical caretakers with instructing in basic deduction abilities with an end goal to diminish poor clinical thinking. Exploration led by an Australian foundation for example, demonstrated that the degree of ‘unsafe’ nurture in the United States remains at 70%. This means the high number of fatalities of patients under social insurance and in reprisal basic reasoning training plan has been supported to take into consideration better assistance arrangement. Basic Reasoning It is characterized as the clinical way that medical caretakers and other social insurance suppliers see the circumstances that face them in offering their types of assistance to patients. It might likewise be called critical thinking, basic reasoning, clinical judgment or dynamic. Clinical judgment is surveying the issue a patient is confronting. Medical attendants accordingly should be well prepared to make a differentiation between side effects, gathering proof o f ailment, getting them, assessing the potential answers for ease sickness and actualize the most ideal arrangement. The procedure of clinical thinking is the capacity of a medical caretaker to survey the circumstance of the patients as far as their indications, get them, assess potential arrangements, actualize the best arrangement, know the results feasible for the patient and to disguise the procedures (Thompson and Dowding, 2002, p.50). There isn't generally a specific way that medical caretakers need to make calm clinical thinking arrangements. The essential procedure anyway includes ?assortment, depiction and understanding’. The motivation behind why attendants ought to gain from these circumstances is on the grounds that priority is likewise a type of clinical thinking. When for example, an attendant experiences an issue in a patient they are best positioned to settle on a choice on the off chance that they had experienced indistinguishable issues in different patients and in this manner settle on choices dependent on

Is academic performance the best indicator of sucess in life free essay sample

The meaning of progress varies from individual to individual and field to field. One could accept financial matters accomplishment as the fixings to name an individual effective throughout everyday life. Others may take a gander at it as an ability to conquer difficulties, regardless of what somebody ears and the idea of their private life. So who is an effective individual and who is a disappointment? Do school decisions and school grades give method of anticipating or guarantee future achievement? On the off chance that this is genuine ought to there be more accentuation on understudies to try sincerely and increase formal capabilities. Yet, is this valid? Aren’t some school drop-outs like Bill Gates and Richard Branson effective symbols of achievement? What's more, would it be advisable for us to naturally consider the a large number of youngsters who have not had the chance to increase scholarly authentications to be disappointments throughout everyday life? Initially, achievement never relies upon grades. On the off chance that achievement was exclusively founded on grades than managers and potential social accomplices would not request biodata and resumes. We will compose a custom exposition test on Is scholastic execution the best pointer of sucess throughout everyday life? or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For what reason would businesses trouble talking with possibilities so as to discover what they resemble as individuals? They would simply employ dependent on the best paper capabilities. Certain individuals do very well in school anyway they spend their lives in a jail office. So capabilities alone are never enough to decide an ensured achievement. Achievement additionally relies upon physical qualities, character and inspirations. Also, achievement isn't an evaluation or a degree, on the off chance that that was the situation, at that point why aren’t all alumni from Mc Gill, Ottawa U and University of Toronto not all fruitful? The standard of achievement is difficult work and predetermination. In the event that an understudy gets passing marks however isn't viable in relationship building, settling emergency, and appropriate arranging despite the fact that he may be fruitful at obtaining a vocation his life could come up short on the essentials like love, family, strength and solid connections? Thirdly, in the event that you take a gander at the catalog of effective individuals who are specialists, architects and PC experts then you could see that huge numbers of them would dream to be utilized by progress symbols like Bill Gates and Mark Zuckenberg, who have had incredible achievement in the corperate world. Bill Gatesâ has not ventured a foot in advanced education anyway he is a fruitful business visionary. Fruitful business people even advantage from not having scholarly capability as heading off to college powers individuals to learn and think the same. This condition makes it progressively hard for individuals to build up their bits of knowledge and imagination. Adding to these individuals with endowments in human expressions or in sports are some of the time not ready to investigate their characteristics completely through scholastics. Taking everything into account, I am not in the conviction that scholarly capabilities guarantees achievement in life since nothing is ensured, loved ones are progressively significant then cash and achievement never relies upon grades. You could have a degree however there will consistently be somebody with something better and you will be in an opposition with them. Do you think scholastic execution is the best marker of achievement throughout everyday life?

How to Recognize Verbal Abuse and Bullying

How to Recognize Verbal Abuse and Bullying Relationships Violence and Abuse Print How to Recognize Verbal Abuse and Bullying By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 19, 2020 PeopleImages / Getty Images More in Relationships Violence and Abuse Spouses & Partners LGBTQ Most people assume that if they were being verbally abused they would know about it. After all, verbal abuse often involves yelling, put-downs, name-calling, and belittling behaviors. But there is so much more to verbal abuse than people realize. In fact, some people are verbally abused on a regular basis without even recognizing that it’s happening. When someone is being verbally abused, the person attacking them may use a combination of both overt forms of abuse like engaging in name-calling and making threats but also more insidious methods like gaslighting or constantly correcting, interrupting, putting down, and demeaning them. Even prolonged silent treatment is a form of verbal abuse. When this happens, the person is attempting to control and punish the victim by refusing to talk to the other person. For some people, especially those who either experience verbal abuse in the home or  experienced it as a child, it can often be overlooked because the verbal assaults feel like a normal way to communicate. But they are anything but normal and can have lasting consequences. Defining Verbal Abuse and Bullying Because verbal abuse isn’t as clear-cut as other forms of abuse and  bullying, like physical bullying and sexual bullying, it can be hard to identify. But that doesn’t make it any less real. Typically, verbal abuse involves some sort of verbal interaction that causes a person emotional harm. For instance, when someone is being downright critical, acting out in anger, and using words to try to control another person, this is verbal abuse. This, in turn, leaves a victim questioning who they are. In fact, it is not uncommon for a victim of verbal abuse to feel inadequate, stupid, and worthless. After all, they are being defined by a verbally abusive person. If verbal abuse occurs in a dating relationship, it can be particularly confusing because the partner is likely not abusive all the time. As a result, when the abuser is loving and gentle the victim can forget all the about the negative behavior. Ultimately, the victim ends up ignoring the pattern of verbal abuse or makes excuses for the behavior saying things like the abuser is just stressed out or going through a tough time right now. The Effects of Verbal Abuse and Bullying Just like any other form of abuse or bullying, verbal abuse has a lasting impact on victims. Consequently, they can experience a host of issues, including everything from anxiety and depression to even PTSD in severe cases. A number of studies have shown that children who are verbally abused, either at home or by their peers at school, are at a greater risk for depression and anxiety as adults.?? Verbal abuse also can cause the victim to believe very negative things about themselves, which in turn impacts their self-esteem. It also can impact every element of their life, including their academic performance, their other relationships, and their success at work later in life.  In fact, when verbal abuse is particularly severe it can impact whether or not people can see themselves as being successful in any area of life.   Recognizing Verbal Abuse in Your Life When it comes to physical bullying, cyberbullying, and sexual assault, victims do not question whether or not they have been abused. These types of abuse are obvious. But when it comes to verbal abuse, victims often question whether or not what they are experiencing is truly abusive. They also wonder whether or not it is a big deal. Here are some signs that a family member, friend, peer, or dating partner is verbally abusive. They call you names. Anytime someone engages in name-calling this is a form of verbal abuse.  Even if the names are said in a neutral voice, this is not acceptable treatment of another person. They use words to shame you. Examples include critical, sarcastic, or mocking words that are meant to put you down. These may be comments about the way you dress, talk, or your intelligence. Basically, shaming is any comment that makes you feel inferior or ashamed of who you are.   They make  jokes at your expense. Typically, verbally abusive people will make you the butt of their jokes. This can be done in private or in person. But if you dont find it funny, then it is not harmless fun. Whats more, verbally abusive people usually select jokes that attack an area where you feel vulnerable or weak. They humiliate you in public. When you are insulted in public by a peer, a friend, a family member, or a dating partner, this can be particularly painful. The goal of the abuser is to control you by making you feel bad about who you are. They criticize you. Whether done in public or in private, criticism can be painful particularly if the person doing the criticizing is simply being mean and has no intention of being constructive.   They yell, scream, or swear at you. Any time someone yells or curses at you, this is a display of power and the goal is to control and intimidate you into submission. As a result, it is abusive and should not be tolerated or excused.   They make  threats.  No threat should ever  be taken lightly. When people make threats they are trying to control and manipulate you. Remember, there is no better way to control someone than to make them fearful in some way. A Word From Verywell Although the effects of verbal abuse can be significant, there is still hope for victims. In fact, once a person becomes able to recognize verbal abuse in their lives, they can start making informed decisions about which friendships and dating relationships are healthy and which are toxic, fake, or abusive. They also can learn to stand up to verbal bullying. Remember, verbal abuse doesnt have to leave a lasting impact. With intervention, victims  can overcome and cope with the bullying they have experienced.   How to Identify and Cope With Emotional Abuse

Essay on Examples of the Shadow Archetype in Famous...

Anger, selfishness, violent tendencies, the quest for uncontrollable power, and sexual desires are all undesirable traits which are frowned upon by society, and are concealed to avoid scrutiny. These traits can be referred to as ones shadow. The shadow is the repressed unconscious side of a personality (The Shadow Archetype). The shadow is considered to be a dark force because it consists of all the negative emotions and behaviors of an individual that they choose to hide in order to avoid society’s pressing judgment. In literature, the shadow can carry negative or evil qualities, as seen in many texts that revolve around a character’s struggle with some form of a shadow. The shadow, whether a physical being or a darkness within, grows in†¦show more content†¦In A Wizard of Earthsea, Ged’s first meeting with his shadow was a terrifying experience, especially as a child. Ged’s shadow is released as a result of performing an evil spell that puts his flawed traits into a physical form. The evil trait that was released as his shadow was Ged’s disobedience, because he went against his master, Ogion, and performed a spell. Ged’s shadow is first seen in a dark, demonic form. Their first real confrontation was described by one of Ged’s friends witnessing their encounter: ‘†So only he saw the lump of shadow that clung the Ged, tearing at his flesh. It was like a black beast, the size of a young child, †¦ and it had no head or face, only the four taloned paws with which it gripped and tore’†(Le Guin, 67). The shadow that Ged released tried to kill the light in Ged, but was stopped before it could. For the rest of his adult life, the shadow lurked in the background, constantly being a burden. In order for him to shake this daemon off of his back, he had to face his fear and confront it. What Beowulf did in the epic, Beowulf, was confront his evil daemon head on. The monster that Beowulf confronted was called Grendel. Grendel is a monster that lashes out on the Danes, but then is eventually stopped by Beowulf. Grendel’s name means â€Å"grinder† and â€Å"storm†, and Grendel lives up to his name as he invades the Mead Hall and attacks the innocent (Meeting the Shadow in Beowulf). Grendel is a symbol ofShow MoreRelatedArchetypal Literary Criticism Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Criticism, there is an idea that believes that Archetypes make up literature’s meaning. The concept of Archetypes in literature has been the subject of extensive examination in Literary Criticism. â€Å"Criticism can be broken down into two broad categories: evaluative and interpretive† (Gardner 1287). The criticism is based on Literary Theory, which is composed of ideas that help interpret, and analyze literature. 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Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar

In linguistics, lexical-functional grammar is a model of grammar that provides a framework for examining both morphological structures and syntactic structures. Also known as  psychologically realistic grammar. David W. Carroll notes that the major significance of lexical-functional grammar is the shunting of most of the explanatory burden onto the lexicon and away from transformational rules (Psychology of Language, 2008). The first collection of papers on the theory of lexical-functional grammar (LFG)--Joan Bresnans The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations--was published in 1982. In the years since, notes Mary Dalrymple, the growing body of work within the LFG framework has shown the advantages of an explicitly formulated, non-transformational approach to syntax, and the influence of this theory has been extensive (Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar). Examples and Observations In LFG, the structure of a sentence consists of two distinct formal objects: C[onstituent]-structure of the familiar kind plus a functional structure (or F-structure) which displays certain additional kinds of information. Most important in the F-structure is the labeling of grammatical relations like subject and object (these are called grammatical functions in LFG).The first part of the name reflects the fact that a great deal of work is done by the lexical entries, the dictionary part of the framework. Lexical entries are usually rich and elaborate, and each one inflected from a lexical item (such as write, writes, wrote, written and writing) has its own lexical entry. Lexical entries are responsible for dealing with many relations and processes handled by different machinery in other frameworks; an example is the voice contrast between actives and passives.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2007)Different Kin ds of StructuresA natural language utterance is rich in structures of different kinds: sounds form recurring patterns and morphemes, words form phrases, grammatical functions emerge from morphological and phrasal structure, and patterns of phrases evoke a complex meaning. These structures are distinct but related; each structure contributes to and constrains the structure of other kinds of information. Linear precedence and phrasal organization are related both to the morphological structure of words and to the functional organization of sentences. And the functional structure of a sentence--relations like subject-of, object-of, modifier-of, and so on--is crucial to determining what the sentence means.Isolating and defining these structures and the relations between them is a central task of linguistics. . . .Lexical Functional Grammar recognizes two different kinds of syntactic structures: the outer, visible hierarchical organization of words into phrases, and the inner, more abstr act hierarchical organization of grammatical functions into complex functional structures. Languages vary greatly in the phrasal organization they allow, and in the order and means by which grammatical functions are realized. Word order may be more or less constrained, or almost completely free. In contrast the more abstract functional organization of languages varies comparatively little: languages with widely divergent phrasal organization nevertheless exhibit subject, object, and modifier properties that have been well-studied by traditional grammarians for centuries.(Mary Dalrymple, John Lamping, Fernando Pereira, and Vijay Saraswat, Overview and Introduction. Semantics and Syntax in Lexical Functional Grammar: The Resource Logic Approach, ed. by Mary Dalrymple. The MIT Press, 1999)C(onstituent)-Structure and F(unctional) StructureLFG contains multiple parallel structures each modeling a different aspect of linguistic structure. The main syntactic structures are (c)onstituent-st ructure and f(unctional) structure . . .C-structure models the surface syntactic form of language: it is here that surface precedence and dominance relations are encoded. C-structures are phrase-structure trees, characterized by a particular form of X theory . . . designed to accommodate the large amount of phrase structure variation found cross-linguistically, from the relatively strict configurationality of languages like English to the more radically non-configurational languages of Australia. . .C-structures are always base-generated; there is no movement. . . . [T]he effect of movement is achieved by the fact that different c-structure positions can be mapped into the same f-structure via unification.The level of f-structure models grammatical relations. Unlike c-structures, which are phrase structure keys, f-structures are attribute-value matrices. F-structure attributes may be grammatical functions (e.g. SUBJ, OBJ, COMP, also nonargument functions TOP(IC), FOC(US)), tense/asp ect/mood categories (e.g. TENSE), functional nominal categories (e.g. CASE, NUM, GEND), or the predicate (semantic) attribute PRED. . . . The contents of f-structure come from the lexical items of the sentences themselves, or annotations on the nodes of the c-structure linking pieces of c-structure to parts of the f-structure.(Rachel Nordlinger and Joan Bresnan, Lexical-Functional Grammar: Interactions Between Morphology and Syntax. Non-Transformational Syntax: Formal and Explicit Models of Grammar, ed. by Robert D. Borsley and Kersti Bà ¶rjars. Blackwell, 2011) Alternate Spellings: Lexical-Functional Grammar (capitalized)

Introduction to Phonetics Free Essays

INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS Communication is possible only with use of language. A language can be used in two ways for the purpose of communication . The two purpose of communication is spoken and written. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Phonetics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Speech is more important medium than the medium of writing. USES OF SPEECH: *Speech comes first in history. *Speech comes first in the history of any individual. *Speech is used much more than writing as a medium, *Written language is an attempt to represent the sands used in spoken language. * Modern technology has given more importance to speech. Linguistics is a systematic study of language. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics and it is the branch dealing with the medium of speech . It deals with the production, transmission and reception of sounds of human speech. THE AIR STREAM MECHANISM: Speech needs air stream. The air stream that flows out of our mouth is modified into speech sounds by the action of creation organs of our body these are commonly known as â€Å"ORGANS OF SPEECH†. For the articulation of most speech sounds lung air is used. The respirative system consisting of lungs, muscles of chest and wind pipe (trachea). since the air steam mechanism involves (inspiration) breathing in and breathing out (expiration). It is the expiratory lung-air that becomes the basis for the articulation of most of the speech sounds. The air stream involving in lung-air is called Pulmanic Air-stream. There are three main air streams mechanisms 1. Pulmanic 2. Glottalic 3. Velaric The Pulmanic air stream mechanism is initiate by the walls of the lungs. The air is drawn into How to cite Introduction to Phonetics, Essay examples

Introduction to Phonetics Free Essays

INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS Communication is possible only with use of language. A language can be used in two ways for the purpose of communication . The two purpose of communication is spoken and written. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Phonetics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Speech is more important medium than the medium of writing. USES OF SPEECH: *Speech comes first in history. *Speech comes first in the history of any individual. *Speech is used much more than writing as a medium, *Written language is an attempt to represent the sands used in spoken language. * Modern technology has given more importance to speech. Linguistics is a systematic study of language. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics and it is the branch dealing with the medium of speech . It deals with the production, transmission and reception of sounds of human speech. THE AIR STREAM MECHANISM: Speech needs air stream. The air stream that flows out of our mouth is modified into speech sounds by the action of creation organs of our body these are commonly known as â€Å"ORGANS OF SPEECH†. For the articulation of most speech sounds lung air is used. The respirative system consisting of lungs, muscles of chest and wind pipe (trachea). since the air steam mechanism involves (inspiration) breathing in and breathing out (expiration). It is the expiratory lung-air that becomes the basis for the articulation of most of the speech sounds. The air stream involving in lung-air is called Pulmanic Air-stream. There are three main air streams mechanisms 1. Pulmanic 2. Glottalic 3. Velaric The Pulmanic air stream mechanism is initiate by the walls of the lungs. The air is drawn into How to cite Introduction to Phonetics, Essay examples

Knowledge Management free essay sample

The process received a fillip after Drucker (and others) stressed the role of knowledge as an organization resource, and Senge popularized ‘learning organizations’ Objective of knowledge management: The purpose of KM is to gather, categorize, store and spread all knowledge that is needed to make the organization both grow and prosper. It is not as much a technology change as it is a cultural change, Value of knowledge management : Organizations compete increasingly on the base of knowledge (the only sustainable competitive advantage, according to some) * Most of the work is information based (and often immersed in a computing environment) * The products, services, and environment are more complex than ever before * Workforces are increasingly unstable leading to escalating demands for knowledge replacement/acquisition The Knowledge management benefits can be categorized into three which include: * knowledge benefits intermediate benefits * organizational benefits A typic al example would be of an organization such as a manufacturing firm or an academic institution or a government agency which has numerous physical files. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Categorization and segregation into working databases allows the employees who need specific information to access the databases more efficiently through word or category searches instead of having to sift through so many folders. Updating of these databases will also result in having the most recent and relevant information and knowledge stored and easily accessible by any employee who may need any specific information These are the benefits which will have an impact on the way an organization thinks and operates to achieve its objective, for example, to provide quality education, quality products and services, or quality programs to bring about the good of civil society. In a constantly evolving and competitive environment, organizations are faced with the problem of having to continuously improve in the area of creating innovative products and service that would meet the constantly evolving needs and wants of their customers. Patronage from customers is the only way ahead for the success of any organization both small and big. Considering the huge number of physical files in an organization example, as the databases are organized the decision maker has the necessary information and knowledge to substantiate or justify research and development initiatives that leads to more innovations which in turn leads to the creation of new products and services. These initiatives may seem a bit costlier for the company in the beginning stages. But if these initiatives when looked at on a long-term perspective help the organization to create products and services and then sell them to a market that needs or wants them. This helps the organization to actually reap the rewards of satisfied customers translating into increased sales revenues which helps offset the initial capital sunk into the research and development initiatives. ) Searching for knowledge and receiving knowledge 2) Restructuring the knowledge 3) Making knowledge explicit 4) Associating the knowledge with the actions described in the process model 5) Making knowledge available for actions which need it and delivering it to the right agents in the right moment 6) Updating knowledge and change management ) Quality management A. Searching and Receiving Knowledge * Data, information and knowledge does not come from itself * Some sources of knowledge are known, others have to be found * The management’s task is to: 1. Get an overview over sources and organize the search for them 2. Determine the times (or periods) when sources have new knowledge 3. Organize the access to and the flow from the sources 4. Receive the demanded knowledg e properly 5. Classify and receive the knowledge which came in but not on demand * Sources 1. Document Oriented Knowledge Structure 2. Tables 3. Content Oriented Knowledge Structures 4. Linguistic tools, Thesaurus etc. are useful. B. Restructuring Knowledge The task of the knowledge management is to organize Restructuring Pointing out weaknesses and getting other sources Restructuring has two aspects: * Restructuring of a single input document * Embed in or distribute the input over the whole knowledge structure Different agents may need knowledge C. Making Knowledge Explicit It is the purpose of data mining techniques to make knowledge in data bases explicit. The knowledge management has to organize this: * Where are weak points ? * Which information can be helpful for improvement ? * How to obtain the information ? Knowledge in texts can at least partially be made explicit by * Extracting key words\ * extracting phrases * extracting abstracts D. Which Knowledge for What ? Knowledge in business Is oriented on business processes Influences partially the general structure of the Processes Has to allow a fast and optimal representation of the knowledge in actual contexts E. Organizing the Use of Knowledge Missing Knowledge creates errors * Too much knowledge confuses * Knowledge for each task has to be accessible for the right persons at the right time at the right place in the needed format * This task is very complex and uses different techniques F. Change Management * Knowledge is not invariant but undergoes continuous changes. These changes have to be reported at the right time to those agents who need it. * The report can be given on de mand as well as proactive. * The change management organizes this in a systematic way. G. Quality Management * Quality decreases over time due to changes (external as well as internal) if no reaction takes place. The quality of the processes has to be controlled continuously: 1. Observation of the environment data 2. Observation of the process * Interpretation of observed data on the basis of quality models. * The results of the control are transformed into actions which re-establish the quality. * The knowledge manager has to ensure the quality of the knowledge and has in particular to deal with knowledge gaps. Technology is a primary enabler of KM practices Technologies Supporting knowledge management : 1. Project management 2. Work flow 3. Extranets 4. Document management 5. Web conferencing 6. Decision support system 7. Data warehouse 8. Groupware 9. Intranet Examples of company implementing knowledge management 1. Pfizer credits KM practices for discovering the hidden benefits of the Viagra drug. 2. Chase Manhattan, one of the largest banks in the US, used Customer relationship management KM initiatives to increase its annual revenue by 15% 3. Ford Motor Company accelerated its concept-to-production time from 36 months to 24 months 4. Rolls-Royces Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling Process improves project management processes. 5. Shell Oils Global Learning and Development involves continuous learning around the exploration and production process 6. World Bank Institute focused on improving development projects funded through the World Bank. Top ten world wide companies I knowledge management : 1. 80-20 2. Appian 3. Astoria 4. ATG 5. Attensity 6. Avenue A|Razorfish 7. Autonomy 8. AXS-One 9. Basis Technology 10. Butterworth-Heinemann Knowledge Management free essay sample The finding of this paper is the used of social media that dell implemented since 2006 and integrated with organization learning, knowledge management and innovation generating. Introduction Dell Inc is a leading multinational company in IT business who primarily provide complete solution which included hardware support, software support, on-site- service and financial service for all range of business, consumer and public sector . One-third of the company revenue is generating from service and consulting activities which operated via Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, telephone, and on-site- service. Dell Inc was being the first company in the industry who introduced at-home assistance and implementing social media service to aid technical issue with business which currently being an influence factor for consumer purchasing decision. The current IT industry market climate is tense by competitors and various factors such as technology advancement and social trend also vastly affect the backbone of the market. These mentioned factors directly push every company to find their competitiveness over the competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, every company needs to acquire knowledge in order to invent something new that will help the company compete ith other competitors. In some ways, the company can obtain the mention knowledge and respond to consumers need by frequently asking from consumers themselves . Because social media will provide company more opportunities to connect, listen and engage with customer than before. This report paper will demonstrates and analyze how social media exploit innovation and useful practice in Dell Inc which knowledge management and organization learning are a part of it. Social media In Social Media is an online instrument of communication which the reader can communities and networks see (fgure 1). The content of the interchange communication can be text, picture, sound, or movies. Sometime writer is able to become audience and receive other readers opinions and point of views back and forth (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010; King, 2012; Hong, 2013). Social network is an online platform that group of people build-up social-relations, share interests, activities, and real-life connection. Because on this platform this network member will share their perception and experience about a specific topic of interest, and these comment and knowledge can be used for organization to learn and create an innovation because arge amount of information will be transfer toward group of people who share the same interest. Figure 1: Social media triangle Source: Social Media Roadmaps The Social Dynamic Model (SDM) SDM is an approach that integrated social media and customer-centric thinking into individual organization. SDM is resulted from the change in consumer behavior which their purchasing decisions are influence by the surrounding factors such as peer recommendations. In addition, Social media can stimulate human interaction with brands and company. The challenge that company currently facing is how to ntegrate social media dynamic through organization touch-points because social media participants are expected to be involved, respected, and help. This social dynamic model is not only describing the affect the way companies do marketing but also other functions in the organization. In capability building process, it is very important to build internal belief and knowledge. So the organization can set a further the direction in the organization. In the second step, the pilot mode, in this phrase concrete projects have been set-up which these projects will enhance the learning process of the organization. The project needs to have a center of excellence to improve company listening culture. The third step, integration mode, in this phrase, the company pull and tide the organization with the customer. This will increase customer involvement with the organization and organization restructure is required to make the organization work more functional and the project should be assessable by KPI concept. The last step, the leverage mode, this last phrase is about making the company more flexible because of the SDM philosophy the ROI of the company should have increased. Figure 2: will describe that of four steps approach o integrate social dynamic practice which included the capability building, the pilot mode, the integration mode, the leverage mode into the organization as followings: Source: lnSite Consulting (2012) In 2005, Dell was claimed for unacceptable of customer service and customer support though social media by Jeff Travis who is a famous blog writer. The title Dell lies. Dell Suck immediately became talk of the town. He also implemented a score system that reflex an unpleasant feeling from Dells customers. The inevitable message rapidly spread through the social media and online network vastly ruined ells brand image and reputation. As a reaction, Dell immediately realizes the power of social network and the solving reactions are require to be implemented. Because factor that influence purchasing decision. Dell Inc learn to change a long with the sound of customers which make them named number 1 most social brand in this recent years. They keep listening all of the incoming ideas but not over-reacting, this can see from the fact on the web which show that 18,000 ideas submitted but only 500 ideas has been implemented, dell try to weight the outcome of each idea and make the best uses of them. After staying in social media dell had learn a lot of knowledge from their website, ideastorm. com, which in this website, dell users sign- in and discuss about how to improve their beloved brand, dell. As below, this figure shows the development of dells social media Figure 3: the facet of dells social media timeline Source: Dell Social Media adjusted by Chaiwanichya Knowledge Management free essay sample It involves applying the collective knowledge and abilities of the entire workforce to achieve specific organizational objectives. State agencies should feel free to adapt and use information and tools on the following pages as necessary within their organization. It is provided to be a starting point for sharing knowledge and experience, allowing those who remain with the organization to continue providing quality service. Capturing and sharing critical knowledge and expertise should be occurring continuously among employees. In many cases, however, it is not and this need becomes pressing when a valued employee is preparing to retire or change positions. When an organization is considering implementing a knowledge transfer plan it is important to answer several questions: 1. Is the organization going to fill the vacant position or reassign the duties? 2. Are all the duties of the position still important to the mission of the organization? 3. Is there a need to update the position description? 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Will the position change, remain as is, or be eliminated once the employee leaves? What is knowledge transfer? David DeLong’s book â€Å"Lost Knowledge† describes knowledge as the â€Å"capacity for effective actions or decision-making in the context of organizational activity†. Accordingly, lost knowledge would decrease this vital capacity and help undermine organizational effectiveness and performance. The goal of transferring knowledge to others [known as Knowledge Transfer] is to: 1. Identify key positions and people where potential knowledge loss is most imminent. 2. Assess how critical the knowledge loss will be. Develop a plan of action to ensure the capture of that critical knowledge and a plan of action to transfer it. Why is knowledge transfer important? A significant percentage of the state’s workforce is nearing retirement age over the next ten years. These employees have acquired a tremendous amount of knowledge about how things work, how to get things done and who to go to when problems arise. Losing their expertise and experience could significantly reduce efficiency, resulting in costly mistakes, unexpected quality problems, or significant disruptions in services and/or performance. In addition, faster turnover among younger employees and more competitive recruiting and compensation packages add significantly to the mounting concern about the state’s ability to sustain acceptable levels of performance. What are the benefits of a knowledge transfer program? Knowledge transfer [KT] programs prevent critical knowledge loss by focusing on key areas. Some of the immediate benefits of KT programs are: 1. They provide reusable documentation of the knowledge required in certain positions or job roles. 2. They result in immediate learning and knowledge transfer when carried out by individuals who can either use the transferred knowledge themselves or have responsibility for hiring, training, mentoring, coaching or managing people within an organizational unit. 3. They reduce the impact of employee departure. 4. They integrate staffing, training, job and organization redesign, process improvements and other responses. 5. They aid in succession planning. 6. They prevent the loss of knowledge held only in employees’ heads when they leave the organization or retire. They enhance career development. Generally Accepted Definitions for Knowledge Management and Transfer Knowledge Management (KM) refers to practices used by organizations to find, create, and distribute knowledge for reuse, awareness, and learning across the organization. Knowledge Management programs are typically tied to organizational objectives and are intended to lead to the achievement of specific outcomes such as shared intelligence, improved performance, or higher levels of innovation. Knowledge Transfer (an aspect of Knowledge Management) has always existed in one form or another through on-the-job discussions with peers, apprenticeship, and maintenance of agency libraries, professional training and mentoring programs. Since the late twentieth century, technology has played a vital role in Knowledge Transfer through the creation of knowledge bases, expert systems, and other knowledge repositories. To understand knowledge management and knowledge transfer, it is helpful to examine the differences between data, information, and knowledge. Data is discrete, objective facts. Data is the raw material for creating information. By itself, data carries no judgment, interpretation or meaning. Information is data that is organized, patterned and/or categorized. It has been sorted, analyzed and displayed, and is communicated through various means. Information changes the way a person perceives something, thus, affecting judgment or behavior. Knowledge is what is known. It is richer and more meaningful than information. Knowledge is gained through experience, reasoning, intuition, and learning. Because knowledge is intuitive, it is difficult to structure, can be hard to capture on machines, and is a challenge to transfer. We often speak of a knowledgeable person, and by that we mean someone who is well informed, and thoroughly versed in a given area. We expand our knowledge when others share theirs with us. We create new knowledge when we pool our knowledge together.

An Economic Analysis of Groundwater Development vis-à-vis Resource Use Efficiency in Tank Command Areas.

An Economic Analysis of Groundwater Development visvis Resource Use Efficiency in Tank Command Areas. Free Online Research Papers ABSTRACT: Out of total farmers 75 per cent were cultivating rice in tank command areas. The rest of the farmers cultivated other crops and hence resource use efficiency has been estimated for rice crop alone. Among the rice growers 27 per cent of farmers have raised rice with tank water alone while the rest applied both tank water and well water. The analysis was done for two situations i) tank water alone and ii) tank cum well water application. The total cost of rice cultivation using only tank water was Rs 16016/- per hectare and tank cum well water situation, the total cost of rice cultivation was Rs 24628/- per hectare. The Mean Technical Efficiency (MTE) was calculated to be 0.3996 for only tank water using farmers. It indicated that the technical efficiency of rice farmers were only 39.96 per cent and yield of rice could be increased by 60.04 per cent more by adopting a technically efficient plan without any increase in cost. The Mean Technical Efficiency (MTE) was calculated to be 0.6248 for tank cum well water users. It indicated that technical efficiency of rice farmers was only 62.48 per cent and yield of rice could be increased by 37.52 per cent more by adopting a technically efficient plan without any increase in cost. Introduction The important factor in agricultural development in India is going to be efficient use of available water resources for crop production. The increasing need for crop production due to growing population led to the rapid expansion of irrigation throughout the world. Historically, groundwater is an important source of irrigation of India. Its contribution in enhancing agricultural production was better realized during the green revolution period. However, in the race for increasing agricultural production, its over–exploitation and mismanagement had resulted in several problems like fluctuations in water table and increase in depth of wells. Indian agriculture received the highest priority in irrigation development in successive Five-Year Plans. The irrigated area increased from 20 million ha in 1950-51 to 57.3 million ha in 1999-2000. With the advent of new agricultural technology in mid 1960s, several incentives (like electrification, bank credit, etc.) were given to the groundwater development. The area under groundwater irrigation, which was less than six million ha in 1959-60, went up to 18 million ha in 1980-81 to 33 million ha in 1999-2000. More than half of the total irrigation is done through groundwater. The share of groundwater in total irrigated area increased from 30 per cent in 1960-61 to 58.77 per cent in 1999-2000. Most of the groundwater development came through private investment. The area under groundwater is increasing progressively as this is the most reliable and cost-effective source of irrigation (Joshi, 2002). This paper is based on the MSc (Agri.) of the first author. Thesis was submitted by the author (Venkatesh.G. 2003) to the Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore. The major sources of irrigation in India are tanks, canals and wells. The tanks have existed in India from time immemorial, and have been an important source of irrigation, particularly, in South India where it accounts for about one-third of the rice irrigated area. (Palanisami et al., 2001) The recent estimate places the actual number of tanks in Tamil Nadu at 34,000, the remaining 5,000 plus has just disappeared over the past 15 years, so because of a variety of reasons during the 1980’s. Though there are several studies on tank irrigation and its problems, studies on groundwater development and resource use efficiency of rice in tank command areas are limited. However, in this paper we attempt to study the resource use efficiency in rice cultivation and returns to supplemental irrigation in tank command areas. In particular, we employ the stochastic frontier production techniques to measure technical efficiency of rice. The study proceeds as follows Section I explains the methodology used in the study. Data, model and variables are discussed in section II. Section III provides the empirical results and the final section (IV) summarizes the findings and suggests policy implications. Section I Methodology The measurement of efficiency was the main motivation for the study of frontier. The technical efficiency literature begins with Farrell (1957), employed a deterministic approach in which he estimated a cost frontier by using linear programming (LP), requiring all observations to lie on or above the frontier. Aigner and Chu (1968) translated Farrell’s cost frontier into a production frontier, since outlier observations under a deterministic approach seriously affect the problem, by using a probabilistic frontier function. This approach deletes outlier observations, one at a time, to avoid spurious errors due to extreme observations, until the estimated coefficients stabilize. Then, Timmer’s (1971) approach yields a frontier, which is probabilistic rather than deterministic or stochastic. Later Aigner et al., (1977) developed a stochastic frontier model and key feature of the model was that the disturbance term is composed of two parts, one symmetric and the other â₠¬Ëœone-sided’. A symmetric disturbance term is normally distributed component permits random variation of the frontier across firms and captures the effect of measurement error, other statistical noises and random shocks outside the firm’s control. A one-sided error component captures the effect of inefficiency relative to the stochastic frontier. Parameters of the stochastic frontier may be estimated by the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) or Corrected Ordinary Least Square (COLS), method if the probability function for symmetric and one-sided components of the error term is specified. A number of comprehensive literature reviews are available, such as Battese (1992), Kalirajan Shand (1994), Mythilli Shanmugam (2000), Tim Coelli et al., (2002) and Shanmugam K.R (2003) A (linear) stochastic frontier model is specified as Y = f (X1,X2,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Xn) + (v ? u) Where, v is the symmetric error component causing the deterministic part of the production frontier f (X1, X2†¦Xn) to vary across the firms. Technical efficiency relative to the stochastic production frontier is captured by the one-sided error component (? depending on whether one specifies a production or cost frontier), u?0. Given the density functions for u and v the frontier function defined above may be estimated by maximum likelihood techniques. While several distributions can be considered for the term u, the statistical estimation of the frontier model combining both u and v usually leads only to the estimation of average technical efficiency of the sample observations since their combined effects could not be separated under such general assumptions. However, individual observation specific-technical efficiency measures are more useful from a policy viewpoint. The approach to identify firm specific technical efficiency requires some estimators that allow for separating the effects of the one-sided error term u from the combined effects of u and v using the estimated frontier functions. Therefore, the problem is to predict ui under the assumption that ui+vi is known. The best predictor of an unknown random variable (ui) under the value of the combined random variables ui+vi is the minimum mean squared error predictor given by the conditional expectation of ui. Assuming a half normal distribution for ui and normal distribution for vi, the frontier model becomes Y=f (X1,X2,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Xn) + (v ? u) where, u = ? u ? and u ?N ?0, ?2u ? and v ? N ?0, ?2v ? The components of the disturbance term are assumed to be independent and the frontier is assumed to be linear in above case. (In case of multiplicative models the ?(v-u) component is expressed as exp (v-u)). Now, the firm or observation specific ui can be estimated as E? u i? ( ui + vi )?= ?u ?v /? ? f(.) / (1-F(.) -?( ui + vi ) / / (1-? )? 1/2? Where f(.) and F(.) are standard normal density and distribution functions evaluated at ?(ui+vi) / ? ? ? ? /1-? ? 1/2, ? = ?2u / ?2 and ?2= ?2u+?2v Alternatively, E (u? e) =/ (1+?2)? ? f (E? / ?) / F (E? / ?) E? / Where ?=?2u / ?2v One advantage of estimating the frontier production that is possible to find out whether the farmers deviation of yield from frontier is mainly because they did not use the best practical technique or due to external random factors. Thus, one can say whether the difference between the actual yield obtained and the frontier yield, if any, occurred accidentally or not. Following Battese and Coelli (1988), when output is measured in logarithms, the farm-specific technical efficiency can be estimated as: TEi = Exp (-ui) i = 1,2,3†¦n, 0 ? TEi ?1 The variance ratio ?, explaining the total variation in output from the frontier level of output attributed to technical efficiencies, can be computed as: ?= ?2u /?2 Where ?2 = ?2u+?2v and 0 ? ? ? 1 ? is an indicator of relative variability of ui and vi met differentiates the actual yield obtained from the frontier. There are two interesting points about ? 1) When ?2v is tends to zero, which implied that vi is the predominant error, then the ?=1. This means that the farmer’s yield difference from the maximum feasible yield mainly because he did not use the best practice technique. 2) When ?2u are tends to zero, which implies that the symmetric error term vi the predominant error, ? is tending to zero. This means that the farmer’s yield difference from the frontier yield is mainly because of either technical error or external factors not under his control. Direct estimates of the stochastic production function frontier model may be obtained by Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) method. In this study MLE method is used to estimate (as was used by Olsen et al., (1980): and Banik Arindam (1994)). Measurement of technical efficiency has been attempted across crops such as Rice (e.g. Kalirajan Shand 1994; Mythili Shanmugam 2000); tea (e.g. Hazarika Subramanian 1999); rice, groundnut and cotton (Shanmugam 2003); and coffee, orange, banana and pepper (e.g. Venkatesh et al., 2005). Section II Data model and variables used in the study The study area was Sivaganga District, Southern Region of Tamil Nadu, which has more number of tanks, has been purposefully selected as study area. Multi-stage Stratified Random sampling was used. In study area Sivaganga District, Sivaganga Taluk (Stage I) was selected and in that taluk four tanks were selected from PWD management and two were selected from PU maintenance based on command area of the tank (Stage II). So, six villages are benefited by the chosen tanks, namely Namanur, Kovanur, Panaiur, Mudikondon, Valuthani and Salur. Twenty farmers from each of the mentioned villages were randomly selected (Stage III). On the total 120 respondents were interviewed. Rice was the major cereal crop in this district. Therefore, rice crop was chosen for further analysis. The survey was conducted during the year 2002-2003. The empirical model consists of single stage. In that stage, the stochastic frontier production function was estimated. For that purpose, the Cobb-Douglas production function was employed and which is given by: Cobb-Douglas production function was used to estimate the resource use efficiency. Y = bo X1b1X2b2X3b3X4b4 X5b5U Where, Y = Rice yield in quintals per ha X1 = Area under rice in ha. X2 = Fertilizer applied (N+P+K kgs per ha) X3 = Labour mandays per ha X4 = Expenditure on bullock, machinery power, seeds and pesticides (Rs. per ha) X5 = Irrigation (ha cm) bo = Intercept bi = 1,2,3,4, and 5 are production elasticities. U = Error term Section III Empirical Results Distribution of Land Holdings of the Sample Farmers in the Study Area It could be seen from the Table 1 that out of 120 sample farmers 56.7 per cent were marginal farmers, while 32.5 per cent were small farmers and the remaining 10.8 per cent belonged to big farmers’ group. Table 1. Distribution of Land Holdings of the Sample Farmers in the Study Area Name of the Village Category of farmers Marginal (2.5ha) Namanur 6 10 4 Kovanur 15 3 2 Mudikondum 10 7 3 Panaiyur 11 8 1 Valuthani 9 8 3 Salur 17 3 0 Total 68 (56.7) 39 (32.5) 13 (10.8) Figures in parentheses indicate percentage to total Distance of Sample Farms from Sluice of Tanks Distance from sluice is very important to get water for field and also the distance decides the number of supplemental irrigation to be applied. The requirement of supplemental irrigation is less if the fields are nearer to head of the Tank and vice versa. The distances of farmers’ field from sluice of tanks are presented in Table 2. The distribution of farmers among the head, middle and tail end reach of the tank sluices were 38, 37 and 45 respectively. This clearly showed that majority of the farmers field were located at tail end of the tank sluice and the rest were equally distributed between head and middle reach from sluice. Table 2. Distance of Sample Farms from Sluice of Tanks Villages Head (< 400 m) Middle (401-800 m) Tail (> 801 m) Namanur 5 5 10 Kovanur 6 7 7 Mudikondum 8 7 5 Panaiyur 4 6 10 Valuthani 9 6 5 Salur 6 6 8 Total 38 37 45 Well Details of Sample Farmers Details about wells owned by farmers are furnished in Table 3. Generally farmers owned open wells and open cum bore wells. Namanur village had more number of open wells numbering 10, while it was only one in Mudikondum village. The open cum bore wells were maximum in Salur village and they were least in Kovanur village. The average depth of wells was the highest in Salur village (18.8 m) and the least in Mudikondum village (12.7 m) Average pumping hours of irrigation water from wells was the highest in Salur village (8 hours) during monsoon season and the least in Panaiyur village (5.10 hours per day). During non-monsoon season, the average pumping hours were the highest in Mudikondum village with 3.10 hours per day while it was the least in Panaiyur village (2.05 hours per day). The difference in pumping hours between monsoons was the highest in Salur village (5.50 hours per day) and the least in Namanur village (3.00 hours per day). Table 3. Well Details of Sample Farmers Name of the Villages No of Open wells No of Open cum bore wells Total no of wells Average depth of well (m) Average pumping (in hours/day) Monsoon Season (Sep-Dec) Non season (Jan-Aug) Difference between Monsoon and non-monsoon seasons Namanur 10 6 16 13.0 5.15 2.15 3.00 Kovanur 5 1 6 13.6 6.00 2.00 4.00 Mudikondum 1 8 9 12.7 7.20 3.10 4.10 Panaiyur 7 4 11 13.6 5.10 2.05 3.05 Valuthani 7 2 9 13.6 7.15 2.33 4.82 Salur 0 13 13 18.8 8.00 2.50 5.50 Periodicity of Digging of Wells It could be seen from the Table 4, that during 1980-90’s 38.1 per cent of wells were dug by the farmers. Twenty-four wells out of 63 wells were dug during this period. Next to this 31.7 per cent of wells were dug during 1970-80’s. During 1990-2000, 20.6 per cent of wells were dug and the rest were dug before 1970’s. There was no well digging activity after 2000. Thus, two third of wells were dug during 1970 to 1990 and thereafter there had been a slow down in well digging activity. Table 4. Periodicity of Digging of Wells (No. of wells) Name of the Village Before 1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 After 2000 Total Namanur 2 6 5 3 16 Kovanur 3 1 2 6 Mudikondam 3 5 1 9 Panaiyur 2 3 4 2 11 Valuthani 1 2 5 8 Salur 1 3 4 5 13 Total 6 20 24 13 63 Per cent (9.5) (31.7) (38.1) (20.6) (100.0) Average Annual Decline of Water Table It could be seen from the Table 5 that the average annual decline of water table was the highest in Salur village, with 0.396 m which indicated that more number of farmers resorted to groundwater use in that village. In Panaiyur and Kovanur villages the annual decline in groundwater table was 0.280 m. The least groundwater decline was recorded in Mudikondum with 0.163 m during the reference period. Table 5. Average Depth and Decline of Water Table Name of the Village Water Table (in mm) Average annual decline of water table (in meters) 1990 1995 2003 Namanur 9.7 11.2 13.0 0.256 Kovanur 10.0 10.9 13.6 0.280 Mudikondum 10.6 11.2 12.7 0.163 Panaiyur 10.0 11.5 13.6 0.280 Valuthani 10.2 11.2 13.6 0.221 Salur 13.6 15.8 18.8 0.396 Sample Households’ Participation in Groundwater Sales It could be seen from Table 6 that in all the selected villages, own well water users were more in number because of demand for water for own-cultivation. Groundwater sellers sold it to neighbours because of the following reasons. 1) The lands belonging to small and marginal belonged to the poor farmers’ category do not have wells, in such a situation; well owners sold water to them. 2) The sellers reduced their own demand for water by reducing the number of irrigations, and the water thus saved was sold to other farmers. Cost of well water varied among the villages. Also, it depended on whether the well water was pumped with electric motor or oil engine. It ranged from Rs. 20/- to Rs. 50/- for wells fitted with electric motor and oil motor. The price of well water per hour was high in Namanur village, (Rs.25/-) and low in Salur village (Rs.15/-). In wells fitted with oil motor, the farmers sold well water for Rs. 35/- to Rs. 50/- per hour which was the highest in Namanur village (Rs.50/-) and the least in Salur village (Rs. 35). There was neither selling nor buying of well water in Kovanur and Mudikondum villages because of high salt content in water. Table 6. Sample Households’ Participation in Groundwater Sales Name of the Village Own users Sellers Buyers Water charge of irrigation water with Electric motor (Rs/hr) with Oil motor (Rs/hr) Namanur 9 7 4 25 50 Kovanur* 6 Mudikondam* 9 Panaiyur 7 4 8 15-20 40-50 Valuthani 9 4 6 20 40 Salur 5 5 7 15 35 * No groundwater market emerged Resource Use Efficiency Out of 120 farmers, 100 were cultivating rice in tank command areas. The rest of the farmers cultivated other crops and hence resource use efficiency has been restricted for rice crop alone. Among the rice growers, 27 per cent of farmers have raised rice with tank water alone while the rest applied both tank and well water. The Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated as specified for rice growers with tank water alone as well as tank water plus well water and the results are presented in Table 7. In case of tank water users alone, the co-efficient of multiple determinations was 0.897 which indicated that 89 per cent of variations in rice yield have been attributed by the independent variables included in the function and it was significant at one per cent probability level. Among the independent variables included in the function, area under rice and tank water application had significantly influenced rice yield at one per cent probability level. The partial regression coefficients revealed that elasticity of production for area under rice was 6.039 and 0.0393 for tank water application respectively. The production function estimated for rice growers applying both tank and well water revealed that 77.80 per cent variation in rice yield was explained by independent variables included in the function and the function as a whole was significant at one per cent probability level. Among the explanatory variables included, the area under rice and well water application significantly influenced the rice yield at one per cent probability level while the other expenditures significantly influenced the rice yield at five per cent probability level. This showed that the availability of well water had encouraged farmers to spend more on seed, pesticides and machineries. The estimated partial regression coefficients showed the elasticity of production due to land; well water application and other expenditures were respectively 2.598, 0.276 and 0.0007. The elasticities of production indicated that tank water, well water and other expenditures were less than one and were operating in the second zone of production. On the other hand, the elasticity of production for area under rice was more than one for both tank water users and tank and well water users. This showed that there is scope for increasing rice production through expansion of area in Sivaganga district provided the water is made available either in-sittu conditions or water application deliberately and crop management methods. Table 7. Cobb-Douglas Production Function for Farms using Tank Water alone and Tank cum Well Water Sl.No. Particulars Estimated partial regression co-efficients Tank water alone Tank and well water 1 Constant 5.4868 (10.2229) 5.6996 (6.2736) 2 Area under rice in ha 6.0359* (1.3542) 2.5984* (0.6899) 3 Fertilizer (N+P+K) in kg per ha 0.1090 (0.0398) 0.0934 (0.0189) 4 Labour man days per ha 0.2045 (0.1731) 0.1324 (0.173) 5 Expenditure on bullock, machine power, seeds and pesticides (Rs per ha) 0.0019 (0.0007) 0.0007** (0.0003) 6 Tank Irrigation (ha cm) 0.0393* (0.0454) 0.0289 (0.130) 7 Well irrigation (ha cm) NA 0.2762* (0.0906) N 27 73 R2 0.897* 0.778* Figures in parentheses indicate standard errors * Significant at 1 % level of probability ** Significant at 5% level of probability Resource Use Efficiency of Rice Growers Resource use efficiency of rice growers have been worked out for the resources which had significantly influenced the rice yield (Table 8). The ratio of VMP of resource to their price indicated that for farmers using only tank water, both of the area and tank water resource are over utilized. The ratio of VMP of resources to their price estimated for farmers using tank cum well also indicated the over utilization of land and other expenditures whereas underutilization of well water. Table 8. Resource Use Efficiency of Rice Growers A. Tank water alone VMP Px VMP/Px Land 4.57 1500* 0.003 Tank Irrigation 0.99 4 0.25 B. Tank cum well water Land 2.5 1500* 0.002 Well Irrigation 15.16 15 1.01 Other expenditures. 0.58 912.0 0.0007 * Rental value of land was taken as the price of land Marginal product=Elasticity* Geometric mean VMP valued at output price of rice Maximum Likelihood Estimator Method for Production Function for Farms using Tank Water alone and Tank cum Well Water It could be seen from the Table 9 that the estimated discrepancy parameter (?) was 0.9703 and 0.9521 for tank water alone and tank cum well water application respectively. This implied that deviation in the output from the frontier yield was mainly due to technical inefficiency at the farmers’ level. The Mean Technical Efficiency was 0.3996 and 0.6248 respectively for tank water alone and tank cum well water applying farms. This implied that yield was 60 percent less than the maximum possible output for only tank water using farmers and 38 per cent less than the maximum possible output for tank cum well water using farmers. The low technical efficiency was due to inadequate water during crop period in the former category. Besides uncertainty in rainfall and poor filling of tanks had led to these problems. Table 9. Maximum Likelihood Estimator Method for Production Function for Farms using Tank Water alone and Tank cum Well Water Sl.No. Particulars Estimated partial regression coefficients Tank water alone Tank and well water 1 Constant 6.5177 (7.1483) 6.2553 (4.7527) 2 Area under paddy in ha 4.9367* (1.1734) 2.6494** (1.1245) 3 Fertilizer (N+P+K) in kg per ha 0.1035 (0.0246) 0.0604* (0.0156) 4 Labour man days per ha 0.1126** (0.0578) 0.0232** (0.0093) 5 Expenditure on bullock power, machine power, seeds and pesticides (Rs per ha) 0.0009 (0.0007) 0.0013* (0.0005) 6 Tank Irrigation (ha cm) 0.0429* (0.0129) 0.0304 (0.0689) 7 Well irrigation (ha cm) NA 0.6742* (0.1603) 8 ?2u 1.7776 0.6788 9 ?2v 0.0544 0.0342 10 ?=?u / ?v 5.7153 4.4559 11 ?=?2u/ (?2u +?2v) 0.9703 0.9521 12 MTE=1- ?u?2/? 0.3996 0.6248 Figures in parentheses indicate standard errors * 1% level of significant level ** 5% level of significant level NA : Not Applied Technical Efficiencies of Rice Growers The farm specific technical efficiency is furnished in Table 10. It was found that a majority of farmers (55.6 per cent) using only tank water were operating at 40-50 per cent technical efficiency level. On the contrary, majority of the farmers (52.1 per cent) using tank cum well water, were operating at 70-80 per cent technical efficiency and 15.1 per cent of farmers were operating most efficient category (80-90 percent). This indicated that there is scope to improve the productivity of the rice farmers. Identification of farms, which lead to variation in the farm specific technical efficiency, is an important issue for formulating strategies to increase the productivity. Farms Irrigated by Tank water alone Figure 1 Technical Efficiency of Tank water alone irrigated Farmers Farms Irrigated by Tank water and well water Figure 2 Technical Efficiency of Tank and well water irrigated Farmers Table 10. Technical Efficiencies of Rice Producing Farmers (in numbers) Sl.No. Technical efficiency of Rice growers Only tank water using farmers Tank and well water using farmers 1

The Invention of M Ms Candies

The Invention of M Ms Candies M Ms chocolate candies are one of the most famous treats in the world, the most popular movie treat next to popcorn, and the most consumed Halloween treat in America.   The well-known slogan by which M Ms are marketed - The milk chocolate melts in your mouth, not in your hand - is very likely a key to the candys success, and its origins date back to the 1930s and the Spanish Civil War.   Forest Mars Sees an Opportunity Forest Mars, Sr. was already part of a family-owned candy company in conjunction with his father, having introduced the Milky Way candy bar in 1923. However, father and son disagreed on plans to expand  to Europe, and in the early 1930s, estranged from his father, Forest moved to Europe, where he saw British soldiers fighting in the Spanish Civil War eating Smarties candies - chocolate candies with a hard shell, which were popular with soldiers because they were less messy that pure chocolate candies. M MCandies Are Born Upon returning to the United States, Forest Mars began his  own company, Food Products Manufacturing, where he developed, among other things, Uncle Bens Rice and Pedigree Pet Foods. In 1940 he began a partnership with Bruce Murrie (the other M) and in 1941 the two men patented M M candies. The treats were initially sold in cardboard tubes, but by 1948 the packaging changed to the plastic pouch we know today.   The enterprise was a rousing success, and in 1954, peanut M Ms were developed - an ironic innovation, since Forest Mars was deathly allergic to peanuts. In this same year, the company trademarked the familiar Melts in Your Mouth, Not in Your Hand slogan.   Forest Mars Later Life Although Murrie soon left the company, Forest Mars continue to thrive as a businessman, and when his father died, he took over the family business, Mars, Inc, and merged it with his own company. He continued to run the company until 1973 when he retired and turned the company over to his children. In retirement, he started yet another company, Ethel M. Chocolates, named after his mother. That company continues to thrive today as a maker of premier chocolates. Upon his death at age 95 in Miami, Florida, Forest Mars was one of the wealthiest men in the country, having compiled a fortune estimated at $4 billion. Mars, Inc. Continues to Thrive The company begun by the Mars family continues to be a premier food manufacturing corporation, with dozens of manufacturing plants in the U.S. and overseas. A great many name-recognized brands are part of its portfolio, not only candy brands, but also pet foods, chewing gum, and other consumables. Among the brands you may not have realized were related to M M candies and that live under the Mars umbrella include:   Three MusketeersSnickersStarburstSkittlesBountyDoveUncle Bens  Seeds of ChangeKudosBig RedDoublemintFreemintAltoidHubba BubbaJuicy FruitLifesaversWrigleysIamsCesarMy DogWhiskasPedigreeEukanuba

United Kingdom Health Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

United Kingdom Health Service - Essay Example As any organisation with relatively long history and thousands of employees, the NHS has certain norms and rules that traditionally determine the nature of managerial practices. However, these rules and norms do not seem to be effective these days when the problem of management in NHS has turned into one of the major issues associated with this organisation. The case study and other scholarly studies provide sufficient information to identify the factors that may contribute to such situation. There are several types of standards applied within the organisational practices to evaluate effectiveness of management. However, the NHS is a specific organisation with outputs which are exceptionally difficult to measure objectively: for example, a middle level manager in a construction company has absolutely clear performance goals which must be achieved by certain deadline with the available resources. Failure to achieve the goals despite favourable situation and no force majeure circumstances demonstrates that the manager might lack skills and/or qualification to effectively perform his basic functions. These functions have been formulated over the second half of the 20th century and include planning, organising, leading, controlling and assessing (often these functions are abbreviated to POLCA) (Morgan, 1986). Evidently, this set of basic functions is valid for the NHS, but it is also clear that the specifics of healthcare does not allow for the possibility to evaluate the manager's failure or success in the same way as it is done in other industries such as construction, automotive, financial, etc. The explanation is simple: there are too many factors affecting health outside the health care industry to evaluate performance of the industry in easily measurable terms such as deaths per 100 beds and other statistical data. The impressive amount of intangibles involved in the process of healthcare management requires specific approach in evaluation of associated factors, including effectiveness of management. Therefore, one of the major problems related to management in the NHS might be absence of the correct evaluation criteria. As Willcocks (1997) puts it, "...the research literature fails to provide empirically-based standards against which to judge and compare managerial behaviour. A central problem is that the researchers have neglected the manager's role demands or expectations and concentrated on role performance or behaviour" (Willcocks, 1997: 181). Development of the adequate criteria that can be applied to assessment of managerial performance in the environment characterised by lack of statistically measurable parameters and oriented rather toward improvement of the process than achievement of any final goals may be a helpful solution in this regard. Absence of such criteria can probably be referred to as the most essential primary problem which acts as the major reason for other problems associated with management in the NHS environment. Managing Professionals Managing educated professionals such as doctors, architects, lawyers

Mngement of high performnce tems nd time limits Essay - 1

Mngement of high performnce tems nd time limits - Essay Example For Shiseido, its s 50th Ð °nniversÐ °ry wÐ °s one of the remÐ °rkÐ °ble events in the history of the compÐ °ny. The compÐ °ny mÐ °nÐ °gement hÐ °d limited time to prepÐ °re this celebrÐ °tion Ð °nd needed high performÐ °nce teÐ °ms for this project. Shiseido’s mÐ °nÐ °gement wÐ °s Ð °frÐ °id thÐ °t on bÐ °dly plÐ °nned projects this stÐ °ge often involved considerÐ °ble negotiÐ °tion Ð °nd Ð °lterÐ °tion to the plÐ °n. It wÐ °s likely thÐ °t Shiseido’s wild hÐ °ve lots of chÐ °nges to mÐ °ke to the plÐ °n Ð °nd thÐ °t the mÐ °nÐ °gers did not reÐ °lly understÐ °nd the plÐ °n (Shiseido Home PÐ °ge 2007). The problem wÐ °s thÐ °t the Ð °nniversÐ °ry wÐ °s coming but nothing wÐ °s reÐ °dy for the celebrÐ °tion (Burkun, 2005). 2. To Ð °void too much chopping Ð °nd chÐ °nging Ð °t this stÐ °ge, Shiseido decided to involve the mÐ °nÐ °gers so thÐ °t this Ð °pprovÐ °l stÐ °ge becomes Ð ° formÐ °lity. To improve the situÐ °tion Ð °nd ‘sÐ °ve’ the project, Shiseido motivÐ °tes its workers finÐ °nciÐ °lly Ð °nd personÐ °lly, Ð °nd sets reÐ °listic objectives. The new objectives hÐ °ve motivÐ °ted Ð ° teÐ °m running the project, Ð °nd motivÐ °tion wÐ °s creÐ °ted by setting reÐ °listic tÐ °rgets thÐ °t the project teÐ °m. Its executive teÐ °m spent time with the people involved getting them to tell how things will work (FrÐ °me, 2002). 3. This situÐ °tion provides the opportunity Ð °nd motivÐ °tion for the compÐ °ny Ð °nd its employees to think Ð °heÐ °d Ð °bout the project they Ð °re undertÐ °king. This process tends to reveÐ °l problems Ð °nd therefore helps find solutions to them. Problems get solved while they Ð °re still smÐ °ll, remote problems (GrÐ °y Ð °nd LÐ °rson 2003). Few problems Ð °re overlooked Ð °nd left until they loom lÐ °rge. The more people thÐ °t the compÐ °ny gets involved in this thinking-Ð °heÐ °d process, the better the project will be. Shiseido cÐ °nnot get someone else to do it.

Conflict Theory and Terrorism

Conflict Theory and Terrorism PUBLIC POLICY TOWARDS TERRORISM Basic Principles of Conflict Theory: Conflict theory is the principal alternative to functionalism. The Conflict Theorists shared numerous significant assumptions to view the world with different angles. Conflicts theorists perceive and arena in which crowd seeks influence, where functionalists glimpse interdependence and consensus. According to conflict theorists the control of conflict generally means the ability of one group suppressing the opponent group temporarily. The functionalists believe that societies will progress through the social mechanisms to deal with the social conflict. Conflict theorists observe civil law is a technique of defining and holding a particular social order than benefits some at the expense of others. While Functionalists see civil law as a way of increasing social order. Conflict theorists emphasize on the shifting power between competing groups. Where as Functionalists focus on interdependence and equilibrium. It can be sub divided into Marxism and Neo-Marxism. Social scientists are bel ieved to have moral duty to critique society. It cannot be objective of refusal to separate analyst from the judgment or fact, and also believes in that society can be constructed in such a manner where there is no chance of conflicts and Weberian Conflict Theory. Conflict cannot be separated from the social life, rejects the objection of the ideas of social science, with the intention to establish a scientific social science. According to Marxism an entirely contemporary theory ruins as many sociologists work and it is an integrated perspective. According to Neo-Marxism, where as economic sub structure is concerned the culture and ideology are its reflection. And contemporary Sociologists views the importance of superstructure is in its own right. The cultural factors play their own role in maintaining inequalities among class as per the eyes of European Neo-Marxists. C. Wright Mills, sociologist had combined a conflict perception with a tough critique of the social order. According to him there is threat in future, believe that that there is immorality in political and economic systems of U.S., in consideration of political parties are manipulative and craziness, they put their services themselves and calling it as free research value. For him the major issue is the relationship between bureaucracy, isolation and the centralization of power more in a ‘power elite. Now a days media plays a significant role by communication about terrorism and focusing on how to react, how public should take that and how to ‘fix terrorism, overwhelmingly the fact that terrorism is not a new thing while it has been around for years and more highly, ignoring the enormous amount of study and publications starting the different theories of terrorism. As per the terrorist act is concerned, terrorism is nothing but it is a sort of frustration which may create in the mind of persons due to misguidance, illiteracy or unrealistic and the conflict is antagonistic behavior resulting from individual frustration, aggression or pugnacity. Subsequently they use violence, they also believe that unless we do this violence we will lose an existent power struggle, therefore it now regarded that terrorism is a tool of the weak. First they do not have the resources such as money, people and political power to wage an actual war. Second, terrorist used hostility as a means, not a goal, while the main goal is to agitate, expose and emphasize the weaknesses and inability of the government and civil machinery to achieve their direct political objectives. Some of the most highly regarded terrorist profiles are Timothy McVeigh, Theodore Kaczynski, Osama bin Laden. Terrorist Activities: In the present scenario the number of states getting affected by terrorism is increasing day by day. Terrorist activities became an integral part of guerrilla warfare, the kind of political violence which are facing is relatively a new one. This is considered as a significant and distinct mode of armed conflict. It is only an aggrieved group has sufficient means to maintain violence on its own without bear from other states. Few states provide moral support to such group which might sound tiny way from being neutral, but valuable moral support from states that promote the political objective. The acts done by the aggrieved groups can be classified as Frivolous actions: Perus electricity poles in Lima city being blown up consecutively for 4 years during the New Years Eve. Indiscriminate Bombings and killings act of disruption and creating atmospheres of fear and insecurity. Hijacking of planes and taking hostage became one of the problems into the international prospect. In order to tackle the situation against the terrorist keeping Public policy in mind, the governments are taking appropriate actions such as killing the terrorists quickly as the best deterrence available is to kill the terrorist. Gathering information and getting cooperation from national as well as international intelligence organizations. Some of them include Organizations such as Interpol, FBI, Europol, etc. â€Å"FBI/CIA/Europole†is regarded as world intelligence agency.. Dehumanize, demonize, terrorist. Actions against money laundering, is also regarded as best means to control supply of money, to the terrorist. There is a difference to face and terrorism. The decision part will be in the hand of the political leaders here. In hijacking and hostage operation the decision lies on the political leaders. There will be involvement of several international organizations and concerned states for such problems. It decision depends on several things so government should have a proper agenda to face these type of situations. Complying laws with human rights is also necessary. Or else terrorist will use this to voice their protest more and change the sensitive minds set of youngsters. All the theories meant will give basic guidelines about the system and the problems in the system and it is up to the policy makers to use those theories to enact perfect laws that can curtail the problem. References: 1. Conflict theory, December 22, 2007. 2. David J. Whittaker,( 2004), Terrorists and Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Routledge, New York, Pp: 63. 3. Khan, A. (1987) ‘A legal theory of international terrorism, Connecticut Law Review. pp 945-972. 4. J. Paul De B. Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages: Government Responses to Terrorism. Praeger, Westport, CT. Publication Year: 2002. Pp: 159 5. J. Paul De B. Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages: Government Responses to Terrorism. Praeger, Westport, CT. Publication Year: 2002. Pp: 49 6. Tay Kok Siong, D., Yong Wee, F. and Kien Meng, W (July 2001), Terrorism and Game theory.

War: Effect on the Economy

Shomoi Francis Mr. Joseph English 12 26 November 2012 War: Effect on Economy War has influenced economic history profoundly across time and space. Winners of wars have shaped economic institutions and trade patterns. Wars have influenced technological developments. Above all, recurring war has drained wealth, disrupted markets, and depressed economical growth. Wars are expensive (in money and other resources), destructive (of capital and human capital), and disruptive (of trade, resource availability, labor management). Large wars make up severe shocks to the economies of participating countries.Despite some positive aspects of short-term stimulation and long-term destruction and rebuilding, war generally impedes economic development and undermines wealth. Several specific economic effects of war recur across historical eras and locales. Next inflation, the most consistent short-term economic effect of war is to push up prices, and consequently to reduce living standards. This war-in duced inflation was described in ancient China by the strategist Sun Tzu: â€Å"Where the army is, prices are high; when prices raise the wealth of the people is exhausted† (Tzu Sun, c. 00 BCE) His advice was to keep wars short and have the money in hand before assembling an army. Paying for wars is a central problem for states (see War Finance). This was especially true in early modern Europe (fifteenth to eighteenth centuries), when war relied heavily on mercenary forces. The king of Spain was advised that waging war required three things – money, money, and more money. Spain and Portugal imported silver and gold from America to pay for armies, but in such large quantities that the value of these metals eventually eroded.One way governments pay for war is to raise taxes (which in turn reduces civilian spending and investment). U. S. revolutionary Thomas Paine warned in 1787 that â€Å"war †¦ has but one thing certain, and that is to increase taxes. † Anot her way to pay for war is to borrow money, which increases government debt, but war-related debts can drive states into bankruptcy as they did to Spain in 1557 and 1596. A third way to fund war is to print more currency, which fuels inflation. Inflation thus often acts as an indirect ax on a national economy to finance war. Industrial warfare, and especially the two World Wars, created inflationary pressures across large economies. Increasingly, governments mobilized entire societies for war – conscripting labor, bidding up prices in markets for natural resources and industrial goods, and diverting capital and technology from civilian to military applications. World War I caused ruinous inflation as participants broke from the gold standard and issued currency freely. Inflation also accompanied the U. S.Civil War, World War II, and the Vietnam War, among others. War-induced inflation, although strongest in war zones, extends to distant belligerents, such as the United States in the World Wars, and, in major wars, even to neutral countries, owing to trade disruption and scarcities. Present-day wars continue to fuel inflation and drive currencies towards worthlessness. In Angola's civil war (1975-2002), for example, the government currency became so useless that an alternative â€Å"hard† currency – bottles of beer – came to replace it in many daily transactions.In addition to draining money and resources from participants' economies, most wars create zones of intense destruction of capital such as farms, factories, and cities. These effects severely depress economic output. The famine and plague that accompanied the Thirty Years' War (1618-48) killed as much as one-third of Germany's population, as mercenaries plundered civilians and civilians became mercenaries to try to survive. World War I reduced French production by nearly half, starved hundreds of thousands of Germans to death, and led to more than a decade of lower Soviet outp ut.One estimate put World War I's total cost at $400 billion – five times the value of everything in France and Belgium at the time. Battle casualties, war-induced epidemics, and other demographic disruptions have far-reaching effects. World War I contributed to the 1918 influenza epidemic that killed millions. Military forces in East Africa may have sparked the outbreak of what became a global AIDS epidemic. Quincy Wright estimates that â€Å"at least 10 percent of deaths in modern civilization can be attributed directly or indirectly to war† (Wright, 1942).The U. S. â€Å"baby boom† after World War II continues decades later to shape economic policy debates ranging from school budgets to social security. Wars also temporarily shake up gender relations (among other demographic variables), as when men leave home and women take war jobs to replenish the labor force, as in the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States during World War II. Countries that can fig ht wars beyond their borders avoid the most costly destruction (though not the other costs of war).For example, the Dutch towards the end of the Thirty Years' War, the British during the Napoleonic Wars, the Japanese in World War I, and the Americans in both World Wars enjoyed this relative insulation from war's destruction, which meanwhile weakened their economic rivals. Also, just as wars' costs and outcomes affect economic conditions and evolution, so too do economic conditions and evolution affect war. Causality runs in both directions. For example, Dutch economic strengths in the early 17th century allowed fast and cheap production of ships, including warships.The resulting naval military advantage in turn supported Dutch long-distance trade. The wealth derived from that trade, in turn, let the Netherlands pay and train a professional standing army, which successfully sheltered the Netherlands from the ruinous Thirty Years' War. This protection in turn let the Dutch expand thei r share of world trade at the expense of war-scarred rivals. Thus the evolutions of warfare and of world economic history are intertwined. War is the proximal cause of the recurring inflationary spikes that demarcate 50-year â€Å"Kondratieff waves† in the world economy.Those waves themselves continue to be controversial. However, they may have some predictive value to the extent they clarify the historical relationships between war and military spending on the one hand, and inflation and economic growth on the other. The 1990s mainly followed a predicted long-wave phase of sustained low inflation, renewed growth, and reduced great-power military conflict. If this pattern were to continue, the coming decade would see continued strong growth but new upward pressures on military spending and conflict, eventually leading to a new bout of inflation in the great-power economies.Since scholars do not agree on the mechanism or even the existence of long economic waves, however, such projections are of more academic than practical interest. The relationship between military spending and economic growth has also generated controversy. Despite its pump-priming potential in specific circumstances, as during the 1930s, military spending generally acts to slow economic growth, since it diverts capital and labor from more productive investment (such as in roads, schools, or basic research). During the Cold War, high ilitary spending contributed (among other causes) to the economic stagnation of the Soviet Union and the collapse of North Korea, whereas low military spending relative to GDP contributed to Japan's growth and innovation. During the 1990s, as real military spending worldwide fell by about one-third, the United States and others reaped a â€Å"peace dividend† in sustained expansion. However, effects of military spending are long-term, and sharp reductions do not bring quick relief, as Russia's experience since 1991 demonstrates. The global North-Sou th divide – a stark feature of the world economy – is exacerbated by war.The dozens of wars currently in progress worldwide form an arc from the Andes through Africa to the Middle East and Caucasus, to South and Southeast Asia. In some of the world's poorest countries, such as Sudan and Afghanistan, endemic warfare impedes economic development and produces grinding poverty, which in turn intensifies conflicts and fuels warfare. To conclude, you have read about the good and bad things of war effects on the economy. War has drained wealth, disrupted markets, and depressed economical growth. But, the winners of these wars often were rewarded from these wars.War is bad overall; I feel that war should be the last option for any country. Works Cited Washigntonsblog. â€Å"Proof that war is bad for the economy. † 24 Feb. 2012. < http://www. washingtonsblog. com/2012/02/debunking-the-myth-that-war-is-good-for-the-economy-once-and-for-all. html>. Symonds, Peter. â€Å"U S wages over war†. 7 Oct. 2012. < http://www. globalresearch. ca/us-wages-economic-war-on-iran/5307485. > < http://www. joshuagoldstein. com/jgeconhi. htm. >